Tringa

Tringa
	Common greenshank (Tringa nebularia) and common redshank (Tringa totanus) at Cuckmere Haven, Sussex, England
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Scolopacidae
Genus:	Tringa; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	Tringa ochropus (green sandpiper); Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	13, see text
Synonyms
	Catatrophorus Jardine, 1849 (unjustified emendation); Catoptophorus Des Murs, 1854 (unjustified emendation); Catoptrophonus Gray, 1871 (unjustified emendation); Catoptrophorus Bonaparte, 1827; Catorthrophorus Brehm, 1855 (unjustified emendation); Catroptophorus Giebel, 1877 (unjustified emendation); Helodromas; Heteroscelus Baird, 1858; Pseudototanus; Rhyacophilus Kaup, 1829; Rhyacophorus Bonaparte, 1842 (unjustified emendation); Rhyacophylus Lillo, 1905 (unjustified emendation); Rhynchophilus Bonaparte, 1856 (unjustified emendation); Rhyncophilus Des Murs, 1854 (unjustified emendation); Rhyocophilus Bonaparte, 1854 (unjustified emendation); Totanus Bechstein, 1803; Trynga Möhring, 1758 (suppressed);

Tringa is a genus of waders, containing the shanks and tattlers. The genus name Tringa is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper by the Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1599. They are mainly freshwater birds, often with brightly coloured legs as reflected in the English names of six species, as well as the specific names of two of these and the green sandpiper. They are typically associated with northern hemisphere temperate regions for breeding. Some of this group—notably the green sandpiper—nest in trees, using the old nests of other birds, usually thrushes.

The willet and the tattlers have been found to belong in Tringa; these genus changes were formally adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union in 2006.^[1]

The present genus in the old, more limited sense was even further subdivided into Tringa proper and Totanus, either as subgenera or as full genera. The available DNA sequence data suggests however that neither of these is monophyletic and that the latter simply lumps together a number of more or less closely related apomorphic species. Therefore, it seems unwarranted to recognize Totanus even as a subgenus for the time being.^[2]

Taxonomy

The genus Tringa was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.^[3] The name Tringa is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper by the Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1603 based on Ancient Greek trungas, a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by Aristotle.^[4]^[5] The type species is the green sandpiper (Tringa ochropus).^[6]

Species

The genus contains 13 species.^[7]

Genus **Tringa** – Linnaeus, 1758 – thirteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Green sandpiper	Tringa ochropus (Linnaeus, 1758)	southern Europe, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and tropical Africa.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Solitary sandpiper	Tringa solitaria (Wilson, 1813) Two subspecies T. s. cinnamomea, (Brewster, 1890) T. s. solitaria, (Wilson, 1813)	across Alaska and Canada. wintering in Central and South America, especially in the Amazon River basin, and the Caribbean. I	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Grey-tailed tattler	Tringa brevipes (Vieillot, 1816)	southeast Asia to Australia.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
Wandering tattler	Tringa incana (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	far-eastern Russia, Alaska, portions of the California coast and northwestern Canada.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Spotted redshank	Tringa erythropus (Pallas, 1764)	the Arctic across much of the Palearctic, from Lapland in the west to Chukotskaya in the east	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Greater yellowlegs	Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Canada and Alaska.Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, the Caribbean, and south to South America.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
Common greenshank	Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767)	northern Scotland eastwards across northern Europe and east across the Palearctic	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Willet	Tringa semipalmata (Gmelin, JF, 1789) Two subspecies T. s. semipalmata eastern willet T. s. inornata western willet		Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Lesser yellowlegs	Tringa flavipes (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Gulf coast of the United States, the Caribbean, and south to South America	Size: Habitat: Diet:	VU
Nordmann's greenshank	Tringa guttifer (Nordmann, 1835)	eastern Russia along the south-western and northern coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and on Sakhalin Island. South Korea, mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan on passage, and in Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	EN
Marsh sandpiper	Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803)	Africa and India, and some migrating to Southeast Asia and Australia. T	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Common redshank	Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Six subspecies T. t. robusta (Schiøler, 1919) T. t. totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) T. t. ussuriensis Buturlin, 1934 T. t. terrignotae Meinertzhagen, R. & Meinertzhagen, A., 1926 T. t. craggi Hale, 1971 T. t. eurhina (Oberholser, 1900)	across temperate Eurasia.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Wood sandpiper	Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758	subarctic wetlands, from the Scottish Highlands in the west, east across Eurasia and the Palearctic. Africa, South Asia (particularly India) and Australia.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

Systematics and evolution

Wandering tattler (*Tringa incana*), formerly in *Heteroscelus*

Willet (*Tringa semipalmata*), formerly in monotypic *Catoptrophorus*

The shanks' and tattlers' closest relatives are sandpipers of the genera Actitis and Xenus. Together with these, they are related to the phalaropes, as well as the turnstones and calidrids.^[8] The large genus Tringa and the two very small genera which are most closely related form a phylogeny similar to the situation found in many other shorebird lineages such as calidrids, snipes and woodcocks, or gulls.

The same study^[8] has indicated that some morphological characters such as details of the furcula and pelvis have evolved convergently and are no indicators of close relationship. Similarly, the leg/foot color wildly varies between close relatives, with the spotted redshank, the greater yellowlegs, and the common greenshank for example being more closely related among each other than to any other species in the group; the ancestral coloration of the legs and feet was fairly certainly drab buffish as in e.g. the green sandpiper. On the other hand, the molecular phylogeny reveals that the general habitus and size as well as the overall plumage pattern are good indicators of an evolutionary relationship in this group.

The Nordmann's greenshank, a rare and endangered species, was not available for molecular analyses. It is fairly aberrant and was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Pseudototanus. It appears closest overall to the semipalmata-flavipes and the stagnatilis-totanus-glareola groups, though it also has some similarities to the greater yellowlegs and common greenshank.

Fossil record^[9]

Fossil shanks are known since the Miocene, possibly even since the Eo-/Oligocene some 33-30 million years ago (mya) which would be far earlier than most extant genera of birds. However, it is uncertain whether Tringa edwardsi indeed belongs into the present-day genus or is a distinct, ancestral form. The time of the Tringa-Actitis-Xenus-Phalaropus divergence has been tentatively dated at 22 mya, the beginning of the Miocene;^[10] even if the dating is largely conjectural, it suggests that T. edwardsi does indeed not belong into the modern genus. Molecular dating^[11]—which is not too reliable, however—indicates that the diversification into the known lineages occurred between 20 and 5 mya. The fossil record contains species formerly separated in Totanus from the Early Miocene onwards. Although these are usually known from very scant remains, the fact that apparently apomorphic Tringa as well as a putative phalarope are known from about 23-22 mya indicates that the shank-phalarope group had already diverged into the modern genera by the start of the Miocene. The biogeography of living and fossil species—notably, the rarity of the latter in well-researched North American sites—seems to suggest that Tringa originated in Eurasia. Time and place neatly coincide with the disappearance of the last vestiges of the Turgai Sea, and this process may well have been a major factor in the separation of the genera in the shank-phalarope clade. Still, scolopacids are very similar osteologically, and many of the early fossils of presumed shanks require revaluation.^[9]

?Tringa edwardsi (Quercy Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Mouillac, France)
?Tringa gracilis (Early Miocene of WC Europe) – calidrid?
?Tringa lartetianus (Early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France)
Tringa spp. (Early Miocene of Ravolzhausen, Germany – Early Pleistocene of Europe)^[12]
?Tringa grivensis (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
?Tringa majori (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
?Tringa minor (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France) – includes "Erolia" ennouchii; calidriid?
?Tringa grigorescui (Middle Miocene of Ciobăniţa, Romania)
?Tringa scarabellii (Late Miocene of Senigallia, Italy)
Tringa sp. 1 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
Tringa sp. 2 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, USA)
?Tringa numenioides (Early Pliocene of Odesa, Ukraine)
Tringa antiqua (Late Pliocene of Meade County, USA)
Tringa ameghini (Late Pleistocene of Talara Tar Seeps, Peru)

"Tringa" hoffmanni is now in Ludiortyx. While its relationships are disputed, it was not a charadriiform.

References

^ Pereira & Baker (2005), Banks et al. (2006)
^ Ballmann (1969), Pereira & Baker (2005)
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 148.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Aldrovandi, Ulisse (1603). Vlyssis Aldrovandi philosophi ac medici Bononiensis historiam naturalem in gymnasio Bononiensi profitentis, Ornithologiae (in Latin). Vol. 3. Bononiae (Bologna, Italy): Franciscum de Franciscis Senensem. pp. 480–483, Lib. 20 Cap. 54.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 264.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
^ ^a ^b van Tuinen et al. (2004)
^ ^a ^b Mlíkovský (2002)
^ Paton et al. (2003)
^ Pereira & Baker (2005)
^ Apparently at least three species at Stránská skála (Czech Republic, Early Pleistocene) for example: Mlíkovský (2002)

Sources

Ballmann, Peter (1969): Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère)]. Geobios 2: 157–204. [French with English abstract] doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7
Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, James D. & Stotz, Douglas F. (2006): Forty-seventh Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 123(3): 926–936. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[926:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2
Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8
Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section X.D.2.b. Scolopacidae. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 174–175. Academic Press, New York.
Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J.; Groth, J.G. & Barrowclough, G.F. (2003): "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds." Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29(2): 268–278. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8 PMID 13678682
Pereira, Sérgio Luiz & Baker, Alan J. (2005): Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae)^{[permanent dead link]}. Condor 107(3): 514–526. DOI: 10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2
van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David & Dyke, Gareth J. (2004): Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships. J. Avian Biol. 35(3): 191–194. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x

[1] Pereira & Baker (2005), Banks et al. (2006)

[2] Ballmann (1969), Pereira & Baker (2005)

[3] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 148.

[job-4] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[5] Aldrovandi, Ulisse (1603). Vlyssis Aldrovandi philosophi ac medici Bononiensis historiam naturalem in gymnasio Bononiensi profitentis, Ornithologiae (in Latin). Vol. 3. Bononiae (Bologna, Italy): Franciscum de Franciscis Senensem. pp. 480–483, Lib. 20 Cap. 54.

[6] Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 264.

[ioc-7] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

[vantuinenetal2004-8] van Tuinen et al. (2004)

[Mlíkovský2002-9] Mlíkovský (2002)

[10] Paton et al. (2003)

[11] Pereira & Baker (2005)

[12] Apparently at least three species at Stránská skála (Czech Republic, Early Pleistocene) for example: Mlíkovský (2002)

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